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He attacked utilitarianism as mere atheism and egoism, criticised laissez-faire political economy as the " Dismal Science", and rebuked "big black Democracy" while championing " Heroarchy (Government of Heroes)".Ĭarlyle occupied a central position in Victorian culture, being considered not only, in the words of Ralph Waldo Emerson, the "undoubted head of English letters", but a secular prophet.
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Raising the " Condition-of-England Question" to address the impact of the Industrial Revolution, his political philosophy is characterised by medievalism, advocating a "noble Chivalry of Work" led by " Captains of Industry". He viewed history as a "Prophetic Manuscript" that progresses on a cyclical basis, analogous to the phoenix and the seasons. He postulated the Great Man theory, a philosophy of history which contends that history is shaped by exceptional individuals. He preached " Natural Supernaturalism", the idea that all things are "Clothes" which at once reveal and conceal the divine, that "a mystic bond of brotherhood makes all men one", and that duty, work and silence are essential. While not adhering to any formal religion, he asserted the importance of belief and developed his own philosophy of religion. His innovative writing style, known as Carlylese, greatly influenced Victorian literature and anticipated techniques of postmodern literature. He founded the London Library, contributed significantly to the creation of the National Portrait Galleries in London and Scotland, was elected Lord Rector of Edinburgh University in 1865, and received the Pour le Mérite in 1874, among other honours.Ĭarlyle's corpus spans the genres of history, the critical essay, social commentary, biography, fiction, and poetry. Each of his subsequent works, from On Heroes (1841) to History of Frederick the Great (1858–65) and beyond, were highly regarded throughout Europe and North America. After relocating to London, he became famous with his French Revolution (1837), which prompted the collection and reissue of his essays as Miscellanies. His first major work was a novel entitled Sartor Resartus (1833–34). He found initial success as a disseminator of German literature, then little-known to English readers, through his translations, his Life of Friedrich Schiller (1825), and his review essays for various journals. He quit these and several other endeavours before settling on literature, writing for the Edinburgh Encyclopædia and working as a translator. After finishing the arts course, he prepared to become a minister in the Burgher Church while working as a schoolmaster. A leading writer of the Victorian era, he exerted a profound influence on 19th-century art, literature and philosophy.īorn of peasant parents in Ecclefechan, Dumfriesshire, Carlyle attended the University of Edinburgh where he excelled in mathematics, inventing the Carlyle circle. Thomas Carlyle (4 December 1795 – 5 February 1881) was a Scottish essayist, historian and philosopher.