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Parallel structures in short passages such as proverbs help direct the listener or reader to compare the parallel elements and thus more easily deduce the point.
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Parallelisms in proverbs are very common in languages around the world. In the Limba language community, some prayers are formed with parallelisms. Other research has found parallelisms in the languages of the Ural-Altaic area (including Finnish-Karelian folk poetry and the epics and songs of the Turkic and Mongolian peoples) and Toda, suggesting wider distribution among Dravidian languages. It has also been observed in a language of Indonesia (that Fox imprecisely referred to as "Rotinese") and Navajo. Parallelisms in artistic speech are common in some languages of Mesoamerica, such as Nahuatl (Aztec). Even tones are conjoined with inflected ones, and vice versa. In a parallel couplet, not only must the content, the parts of speech, the mythological and historico-geographical allusions, be all separately matched and balanced, but most of the tones must also be paired reciprocally. Conversations between learned men in many cases involved exchanging single parallel couplets as a form of playing with words, as well as a kind of mental duel. Ĭhinese and Vietnamese classical poetry and prose have frequently made use of parallelism. Roman Jakobson pioneered the secular study of parallelism in poetic-linguistic traditions around the world, including his own Russian tradition. poetic lines) in his 1788 book, Lectures on the Sacred Poetry of the Hebrew Nation.
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Robert Lowth coined the term parallelismus membrorum (parallelism of members, i.e. Parallelisms of various sorts are the chief rhetorical device of Biblical poetry in the tristich and in multiples of distich parallels and also in the poetry of many other cultures around the world, particularly in their oral traditions. For example, synonymous and antithetical parallelism occur in Revelation 22:11:Ī' and the filthy still be filthy, B and the righteous still do right.ī' and the holy still be holy. Synonymous parallelism in which one couplet expresses similar concepts can also be combined with antithetical parallelism in which a second couplet contrasts with the first. When the coordinate elements possess the same number of words (or in the example below, the same number of syllables) the scheme is termed isocolon: Note that this rhetorical device requires that the coordinate elements agree with one another grammatically: "nouns with nouns, infinitive verb phrases with infinitive verb phrases and adverb clauses with adverb clauses." In the above quote, three infinitive verb phrases produce the parallel structure supporting the noun "purpose". Her purpose was to impress the ignorant, to perplex the dubious, and to confound the scrupulous. In the quote above, the compounded adjectives serve as parallel elements and support the noun "law". She tried to make the law clear, precise and equitable. The following sentences and verses possess "similarity in structure" in words and phrases: